A Parametric-Simulation Method to Study the Interconnections between Urban-Street-Morphology Indicators and Their Effects on Pedestrian Thermal Comfort in Tropical Summer

Numerous studies have explored the impact of urban morphology and geometry on outdoor thermal comfort, intending to provide practical guidelines for designers. However, research findings been inconsistent, in part due differences climatic settings investigated heat-stress indicators. This study proposes a parametric-simulation framework observe behavior comfort according possible combinations building density (BD), street aspect ratio (AR), orientation. Conducted specifically under hot-and-humid tropical-savanna summer condition, found that were negatively correlated Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), with R2 coefficients 0.99 0.91, respectively. The UTCI was improved by 1.0 °C per 10% increase BD 1.02 unit AR increase. performance orientation significantly influenced wind direction, strong inter-influences between three factors. These are useful not only designing but also intuitively identifying need complementary vegetation cooling materials when indicators cannot reach their efficiency targets (e.g., < 3.0 or is limited local regulations project specifications).